Real problems invariably involve complicated geometry, as can be set-up in a computer-aided design (CAD) system. This is used as a starting-point to graphically prepare a computer model, getting it ready for solution, design-iterations and optimisation cycles. Such modelling discretises the geometry, thereby allowing identification of parameters such as behaviour of materials, operating excitations and any boundary-conditions. The model is intended to simulate a real operating-environment.
So prepared, the model is submitted for solution by computer. This may involve solving both linear and non-linear equations, for a steady-state, frequency or a time-dependent solution. In some cases many branches of physics are involved; such as heat-transfer, fluid-flow, acoustics and structural response. The size and the mathematical complexity of the model affects the computing power required for its solution. With smaller models, sometimes lap-top computers can be used. High-speed workstations or super-computers are needed for other problems.
Visualisation of results is vital to understand and improve the industrial product or process under investigation. This applies both in the initial development of realistic solutions and also for subsequent design-iterations.